WPCG / } ~? Q ~r*$y?Qnt>ͅor5bl#WDYNF)y=H}RDu&8jJKju_6־FQh82&8vP,AtύBk?1dӱDh;oӓgɝ#* CMlvR$; %}ӎM^k $7DF1TsT 5m;厖:5;;GL'ȿ7ȓ$`SEEt?aȑ' I'nfsU]Qp7%}BOj*3DKgBclDZLjurR<ضBkj, K \R[3 %xpy9@wL3Gua0Fb!bXQY?ij'+e_C3ʩlU8> < 0< 0< 0<VX 0 0 D+T Aw 0U8 0"?"a-UJ"" B> 0'C[$""""""""5#"R9"t9 9/gC"Q"Q>Q}V"Z"Z! Z c"n"n"n"n|o"v"v"v"v"w";wt]w{p ǀ"7"Yx{""u7^" ",]N""͞""ۢ""A"""<"^""ĩ""ǰa"""0"Rt"""Y"{""""%" "/ Q"N"p""""""<"^"""""]#*"" ""%""I"N0"p0q0L"b"b"c"7c"Yc"{c"c"cc e"e"eBe"v"@vbvzv" x"+x-Mxzx":"\4 ~""ԟ""":"\"~"" """(J"۷"Rwq4uU0U0"" "-"O"q U. 0 B- B+ 5 0-E#U4N %M(N ^ ". m0\  `&Times New Roman'  "David Carson"0David Carson .   <:Default Para<:Footnote Ref<:Footnote Re1 N *'..      |XX||  -   bRN~x0* p X@Ex/*xx/*-  (2*$ -!..      |XX||  (2*$ -!..      |XX||  'dxd o&"D&raw Object Text <C HKKKK   *"..      |XX||    XX|DMXX   &  &z%DM Ԁ FILED    U.S.COURTOFAPPEALS ]] ELEVENTHCIRCUIT 00 0OCTOBER10,2001   0THOMASK.KAHN   CLERKXX%&z '      DMXX XXDM (2*$ -!..      |XX||  \  ` GoudyOlSt BT  *'..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB   *)..      |XX||  DM|B.` hp x (#XB|DM  XX|  |XX(2*$ -!..      |XX||             ##d#ѳkIA`2WP TypographicSymbols           d($      -!..      |XX||  B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  1    Hereafter,theCopyrightActof1976shallbereferredtobyonlythesectionnumberof  theAct.^|XX  -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  2    _Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_Ԁ_denies_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_there_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_passages_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_GWTW__copied_Ԁ_verbatim_Ԁ_in_  _TWDG_.^|XX                     + -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  3    _I_Ԁ_believe_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_should_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_considered_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_affirmative_Ԁ_right__under_Ԁ_the_Ԁ1976_Act_,  _rather_Ԁ_than_Ԁ_merely_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_affirmative_Ԁ_defense_,_as_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_defined_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Act_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_a_  _violation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_copyright_._See__Bateman_Ԁv._Mneumonics_,_Inc_.,79_F_._3d_Ԁ1532,1542_n_.22(11th_Cir_. | 1996)._However_,_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_commonly_Ԁ_referred_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_affirmative_Ԁ_defense_,_see__Campbell_Ԁv. b _Acuff_Ԅ_Rose_Ԁ_Music_,_Inc_.,510_U.S._Ԁ569,590,114S.Ct.1164,1177(1994),_and_,_as_Ԁ_we_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_bound_ H _by_Ԁ_Supreme_Ԁ_Court_Ԁ_precedent_,_we_Ԁ_will_Ԁ_apply_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_such_._See_Ԁ_also__David_Ԁ_Nimmer_,_A_Ԁ_Riff_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_Fair_ . ~ _Use_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Digital_Ԁ_Millennium_Ԁ_Copyright_Ԁ_Act_,148U._Pa_.L.Rev.673,714n.227(2000)(_citing_  d _Bateman_)._Nevertheless_,_the_Ԁ_fact_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_right_Ԁ_must_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_procedurally_Ԁ_asserted_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_an_  J _affirmative_Ԁ_defense_Ԁ_does_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_detract_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_constitutional_Ԁ_significance_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_guarantor_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_access_  0 _and_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_First_Ԁ_Amendment_Ԁ_purposes_.  |XX           -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  4    _The_Ԁ_Statute_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Anne_Ԁ_providing_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_introduced_Ԁ_as_ԀXXXX_AXXXX[a]n_Ԁ_act_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_  _encouragement_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_learning_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_and_Ԁ_has_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_preamble_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_states_Ԁ_one_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_purposes_Ԁ_as_ԀXXXX_AXXXXthe_  _encouragement_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_learned_Ԁ_men_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_compose_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_write_Ԁ_useful_Ԁ_books_.XXXX@XXXXԀ8_Anne_,_C_.19(1710),  _reprinted_Ԁ_in_8_Nimmer_ԀXXXX'XXXXԀ75.0h|XX % -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  5    _See__Edward_ԀC._Walterscheid_,_The_Ԁ_RemarkableXXXXBXXXXand_Ԁ_IrrationalXXXXBXXXXDisparity_Ԁ_Between_Ԁ_the_  _Patent_Ԁ_Term_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Copyright_Ԁ_Term_,83J._Pat_.&_Trademark_Ԁ_Off_._Soc_XXX=XXXX_y_233,235(2001)  (XXXX_AXXXXThe_Ԁ_American_Ԁ_Copyright_Ԁ_Act_Ԁ_of_Ԁ1790_simply_Ԁ_copied_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_same_Ԁ_basic_Ԁ_scheme_Ԁ[_from_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Statute_  _of_Ԁ_Anne_]_into_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_new_Ԁ_American_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_law_.XXXX@XXXX);_Pierre_ԀN._Leval_,_Nimmer_Ԁ_Lecture_:_Fair_Ԁ_Use_ h _Rescued_,44_UCLA_ԀL.Rev.1449,1450(1997)(XXXX_AXXXXThe_Ԁ_law_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_copyright_,[_was_]_fashioned_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_ P _Statute_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Anne_Ԁ_in_Ԁ1710_and_Ԁ_recognized_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_our_Ԁ_Constitution_.XXXX@XXXX). P8 |XX           4 -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  6    XXhX_AXXXXResolution_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Continental_Ԁ_Congress_Ԁ_Respecting_Ԁ_Copyright_XXXX@XXXXԀ(1783),_reprinted_Ԁ_in_8  _Nimmer_ԀXXXX'XXXXԀ711.`|XX  s -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  7    1_Stat_.124(_May_Ԁ31,1790),_reprinted_Ԁ_in_8_Nimmer_ԀXXXX'XXXXԀ741(XXXX_AXXXXAN_Ԁ_ACT_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_  _encouragement_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_learning_Ԁ...XXXX@XXXX).`|XX            -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  8    _See__Jane_ԀC._Ginsburg_,_Creation_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_Commercial_Ԁ_Value_:_Copyright_Ԁ_Protection_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_Works_  _of_Ԁ_Information_,90_Colum_.L.Rev.1865,1873(1990)(XXXX_AXXXX[T]he_Ԁ1710_English_Ԁ_Statute_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Anne_,_the_  1787_United_Ԁ_States_Ԁ_Constitution_,_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ1790_United_Ԁ_States_Ԁ_federal_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_statute_Ԁ_all_ ~ _characterized_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_device_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_promote_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_advancement_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_knowledge_.XXXX@XXXX).,|d|XX -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  9    _Under_Ԁ_modern_Ԁ_copyright_,_such_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_right_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_translate_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_enjoy_Ԁ_protection_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_ԀXXXX_AXXXXderivative_  _work_.XXXX@XXXXԀXXXX''XXXXԀ101_and_Ԁ106._In_Ԁ_Folsom_Ԁv._Marsh_,9_F.Cas_.342(_C.C.Mass_.1841),_Justice_Ԁ_Story_  _created_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_concept_Ԁ_of_ԀXXXX_AXXXXfair_Ԁ_use_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_which_Ԁ_actually_Ԁ_expanded_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_monopoly_,_since_Ԁ_until_  _that_Ԁ_time_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_translation_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_abridgement_Ԁ_was_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_considered_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_infringement_.0h|XX                     r -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  10    _See__Feist_Ԁ_Publications_,Inc.v._Rural_Ԁ_Tel_._Serv_._Co_.,499_U.S._Ԁ340,349,111S.Ct.1282,  1290(1991)(XXXX_AXXXXThe_Ԁ_primary_Ԁ_objective_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_reward_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_labor_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_authors_,_but_ԀXXXX>XXXX[_t]o_  _promote_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Progress_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Science_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_useful_Ԁ_Arts_.XXXX=@XXXX).F~|XX                               j -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  11    XXhX_AXXXXCongress_Ԁ_shall_Ԁ_make_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_law_Ԁ..._abridging_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_freedom_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_speech_Ԁ...XXXX@XXXXԀ_U.S._Ԁ_Const_.  _amend_._I_.`|XX  -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  12    _While_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_First_Ԁ_Amendment_Ԁ_disallows_Ԁ_laws_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_abridge_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_freedom_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_speech_,_the_  _Copyright_Ԁ_Clause_Ԁ_calls_Ԁ_specifically_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_law_.^|XX f -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  13    _See__Rebecca_Ԁ_Tushnet_,_Copyright_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_Model_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_Free_Ԁ_Speech_Ԁ_Law_:_What_Ԁ_Copyright_Ԁ_Has_  _in_Ԁ_Common_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_Anti_Ԅ_Pornography_Ԁ_Laws_,_Campaign_Ԁ_Finance_Ԁ_Reform_,_and_Ԁ_Telecommunications_  _Regulation_,42B.C.L.Rev.1,2(2000)(XXXX_AXXXXThe_Ԁ_First_Ԁ_Amendment_Ԁ_gets_Ԁ_government_Ԁ_off_Ԁ_speakers_XXXX=XXXX | _backs_,_while_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Copyright_Ԁ_Act_Ԁ_enables_Ԁ_speakers_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_make_Ԁ_money_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_speaking_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_thus_ d _encourages_Ԁ_them_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_enter_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_public_Ԁ_marketplace_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_ideas_.XXXX@XXXX). bJ|XX           n -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  14    _See_1_Nimmer_ԀXXXX'XXXXԀ_1.10[B_][2](XXXX_AXXXXIt_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_exposure_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_ideas_,_and_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_their_Ԁ_particular_  _expression_,_that_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_vital_Ԁ_if_Ԁ_self_Ԅ_governing_Ԁ_people_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_make_Ԁ_informed_Ԁ_decisions_.XXXX@XXXX).`|XX           k -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  15    XXXX'XXXXԀ107(XXXX_AXXXX[F]air_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_copyrighted_Ԁ_work_Ԁ..._for_Ԁ_purposes_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_criticism_Ԁ[_or_]  _comment_Ԁ..._is_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_infringement_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_copyright_.XXXX@XXXX).`|XX T -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  16    _See_Ԁ_discussion_Ԁ_section_Ԁ_II.C.1.b._x|XX           S -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  17    _For_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_more_Ԁ_policy_Ԅ_based_Ԁ_discussion_,_see_1_Nimmer_ԀXXXX'XXXXԀ_1.10[D_].x|XX            -!..      |XX||  _?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  18    _The_Ԁ_Supreme_Ԁ_Court_Ԁ_reiterated_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_point_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_New_Ԁ_York_Ԁ_Times_Ԁv._Tasini_,___U.S._Ԁ__,__,  121S.Ct.2381,2393(2001).^|XX                      -!..      |XX||  ?+ ` hp x X?  X  XX|  19    OriginallythewordXXXXAXXXXcopieXXXX@XXXXԀwasanoun,indicatingthemanuscript.Ownershipofthe  XXXXAXXXXcopieXXXX@XXXXԀthusmeantownershipofthemanuscriptforthepurposesofpublishingit.Today,XXXXAXXXXcopyXXXX@XXXX  hasbecomeaverb,meaningtheactofreproductionofawork.Butinthedevelopmentof  copyrightlawitwasintendedtobeatermofart,indicatingareproductionofaworkfor f publication.Failuretounderstandandapplythisdistinctionhasconfusedmanycourts(assisted L byoverzealousadvocates)intotooexpansiveaviewofthescopeofthecopyrightmonopoly. J2 |XX                                 -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  20    XXhX_AXXXXCynara_XXXX@XXXXԀ_is_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_name_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_poem_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_Ernest_Ԁ_Dowson_,_from_Ԁ_which_Ԁ_GWTW_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_title_Ԁ_is_  _derived_Ԁ(XXXX_AXXXXI_Ԁ_have_Ԁ_forgot_Ԁ_much_,_Cynara_!_gone_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_wind_,...XXXX@XXXX).`|XX            -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  21    _Interestingly_,_these_Ԁ_elements_Ԁ_harken_Ԁ_back_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_Folsom_Ԁv._Marsh_,_supra_,XXXX_B_XXXXԀ_where_Ԁ_Justice_  _Story_Ԁ_first_Ԁ_articulated_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_concept_Ԁ_of_ԀXXXX_AXXXXfair_Ԁ_use_.XXXX@XXXX`|XX W -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  22    _See_Ԁ_section_Ԁ_II.A._Ԁ_for_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_discussion_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_purposes_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_copyright_.x|XX                      -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  23    _The_Ԁ_benefit_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_our_Ԁ_approach_Ԁ_to_ԀXXXX_AXXXXparody_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_which_Ԁ_requires_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_assessment_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_whether_Ԁ_or_  _not_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_humorous_,_is_Ԁ_apparent_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_arguments_Ԁ_made_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_parties_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_this_Ԁcase.  _SunTrust_Ԁ_quotes_Ԁ_Michiko_Ԁ_Kakutani_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_review_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_TWDG__in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_New_Ԁ_York_Ԁ_Times_,_in_Ԁ_which_Ԁ_she_ ~ _states_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_is_ԀXXXX_AXXXXdecidedly_Ԁ_unfunny_.XXXX@XXXXԀ_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_,_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_other_Ԁ_hand_,_claims_Ԁ_that_ f _TWDG__is_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_example_Ԁ_of_ԀXXXX_AXXXXAfrican_Ԅ_American_Ԁ_humor_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_which_,_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_Ԁ_strongly_Ԁ_implies_, N _non_Ԅ_African_Ԅ_American_Ԁ_judges_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_permitted_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_evaluate_Ԁ_without_Ԁ_assistance_Ԁ_from_ԀXXXX_AXXXXexperts_.XXXX@XXXXԀ 6  X _Under_Ԁ_our_Ԁ_approach_,_we_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_ignore_Ԁ_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_questionable_Ԁ_argument_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_simply_ o _bypass_Ԁ_what_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_always_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_wholly_Ԁ_subjective_Ԁ_inquiry_.W|XX            -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  24    Randalldidnotchoosetopublishherworkoffictionontheinternetfreetoallthe  worldtoread;rather,shechoseamethodofpublicationdesignedtogenerateeconomicprofit.^|XX                                -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  25    Onpages6263of_TWDG_,forexample,Miss_Priss_ԀexplainsthatMammykilledwhite  maleheirstotheplantationdynastywhentheywerebabiesinordertosealGarlicXXXX=XXXXsandtheother  AfricanAmericansXXXX=XXXXԀcontroloverthedrunkenPlanter.XXXX_AXXXXWhat_Ԁwouldweadonewithasober ~ whitemanonthisplace?XXXX@XXXXԀSaysMiss_Priss_._TWDG_at63..~f|XX           -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  26    RandallXXXX=XXXXs_parodic_ԀintentvisavisAshleybecomesmanifestwhenthetwoworksare  readsidebyside.MitchellhasGeralddescribeAshleyWilkes:XXXX_AXXXXThe_ԀWilkesaredifferentfrom  anyofourneighborsdifferentfromanyfamilyIeverknew.Theyarequeerfolk,anditXXXX=XXXXsbest  thattheymarrytheircousinsandkeeptheirqueernesstothemselves...AndwhenIsayqueer, h itXXXX=XXXXsnotcrazyIXXXX=XXXXmmeaning...thereXXXX=XXXXsnounderstandinghimatall....tellmetrue,doyou N understandhis_foderol_Ԁaboutbooksandpoetryandmusicandoilpaintingsandsuch 6  foolishness?XXXX@XXXXԀ_GWTW_at34.Later,MitchelldescribeshowXXXX_AXXXXScarlett_Ԁturnedherprettiestsmile  l onAshley,butforsomereasonhewasnotlookingather.HewaslookingatCharles...XXXX@XXXXԀ  T _GWTW_at113.ThisparticularelementofRandallXXXX=XXXXsparodytakesonspecialrelevanceinthe  < marketharmanalysisofthecase,becauseitisevidentfromtherecordevidencethat_SunTrust_  $  makesapracticeofrequiringauthorsofitslicensedderivativestomakenoreferencesto   homosexuality.h  |XX                                                                       S# -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  27    _SunTrust_Ԁ_suggests_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_Ԁ_decidedXXXXBXXXXas_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_legalistic_Ԁ_afterthoughtXXXXBXXXXto_  _market_Ԁ_TWDG__as_Ԁ_a_ԀXXXX_AXXXXparody_.XXXX@XXXXԀ_We_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_mindful_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Justice_Ԁ_Kennedy_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_admonition_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_courts_  XXXX_AXXXXensure_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_just_Ԁ_any_Ԁ_commercial_Ԁ_takeoff_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_rationalized_Ԁ_post_Ԁ_hoc_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_parody_.XXXX@XXXXԀ_Campbell_,510  _U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ600(_Kennedy_,_J_.,_concurring_)._Justice_Ԁ_Kennedy_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_concurrence_Ԁ_simply_Ԁ_underscores_Ԁ_the_ h _danger_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_relying_Ԁ_upon_Ԁ_facile_,_formalistic_Ԁ_labels_,_and_Ԁ_encourages_Ԁ_us_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_march_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_alleged_ P _infringement_Ԁ_through_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_four_Ԅ_pronged_Ԁ_analysis_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_we_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_any_Ԁ_other_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_work_._Randall_ 6  _and_Ԁ_Houghton_Ԅ_Mifflin_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_label_Ԁ_their_Ԁ_book_Ԁ_a_ԀXXXX_AXXXXparody_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_or_Ԁ_a_ԀXXXX_AXXXXnovel_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_or_Ԁ_whatever_Ԁ_they_Ԁ_like_,_and_  n _that_Ԁ_fact_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_largely_Ԁ_irrelevant_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_our_Ԁ_task_._Defendants_ԀXXXX_AXXXXneed_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_label_Ԁ_their_Ԁ[_work_]..._a_  V _parody_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_order_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_claim_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_protection_Ԁ..._Parody_Ԁ_serves_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_goals_Ԁ_whether_Ԁ_labeled_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_not_,  > _and_Ԁ_there_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_reason_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_require_Ԁ_parody_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_state_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_obvious_Ԁ...XXXX@XXXXԀ_Campbell_,510_U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ583n.  $  17._The_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_way_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_which_Ԁ_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_marketing_Ԁ_strategy_Ԁ_might_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_relevant_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_if_Ԁ_it_   _diverted_Ԁ_consumers_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_GWTW__related_Ԁ_products_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_own_._In_Ԁ_any_Ԁ_case_,_such_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_practice_,_if_Ԁ_it_   _were_Ԁ_found_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_exist_,_would_Ԁ_likely_Ԁ_fall_Ԁ_under_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_factor_.R  |XX           -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  28    XXXX_AXXXXWhereas_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_merely_Ԁ_supplants_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_supersedes_Ԁ_another_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_likely_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_cause_Ԁ_a_  _substantially_Ԁ_adverse_Ԁ_impact_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_potential_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_original_,_a_Ԁ_transformative_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_less_  _likely_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_do_Ԁ_so_.XXXX@XXXXԀ_Sony_Ԁ_Computer_Ԁ_Entertainment_,Inc.v._Connectix_Ԁ_Corp_.,203_F_._3d_Ԁ596,607(9th ~ _Cir_.2000)(_citing_Ԁ_Campbell_,510_U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ591,114S.Ct._at_Ԁ1177,_and_Ԁ_Harper_Ԁ&_Row_Ԁ_Publishers_, f Inc.v._Nation_Ԁ_Enters_.,_Inc_.,471_U.S._Ԁ539,56769(1985)). dL|XX            -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  29    _See_Ԁ_generally_,_Trust_ԀCo._Bank_Ԁv._MGM_/_UA_Ԁ_Entertainment_Ԁ_Co_.,772_F_._2d_Ԁ740(11th  _Cir_.1985).^|XX           ? -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  30    _See_Ԁ_also__Worldwide_Ԁ_Church_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_God_Ԁv._Philadelphia_Ԁ_Church_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_God_,_Inc_.,227_F_._3d_  1110,1119(9th_Cir_.2000)(_noting_,_in_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_analysis_,_that_ԀXXXX_AXXXXundisputed_Ԁ_evidence_Ԁ_shows_Ԁ_that_  _individuals_Ԁ_who_Ԁ_received_Ԁ_copies_Ԁ_of_Ԁ[_defendant_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_work_]_from_Ԁ[_defendant_]_are_Ԁ_present_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_could_Ԁ_be_ ~ _potential_Ԁ_adherents_Ԁ_of_Ԁ[_plaintiff_XXXX=XXXX_s_]XXXX@XXXX);_Liebovitz_Ԁv._Paramount_Ԁ_Pictures_Ԁ_Corp_.,137_F_._3d_Ԁ109,116n. f 6(2nd_Cir_.1998)(_where_Ԁ_plaintiff_Ԁ_conceded_Ԁ_lack_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_derivative_Ԁ_works_,XXXX_AXXXXdefendant_ N _had_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_obligation_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_present_Ԁ_evidence_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_present_Ԁ_evidence_Ԁ_showing_Ԁ_lack_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_harm_XXXX@XXXX);_Ringgold_Ԁv. 6  _Black_Ԁ_Entertainment_Ԁ_Television_,_Inc_.,126_F_._3d_Ԁ70,81(2nd_Cir_.1997)(XXXX_AXXXX[I]n_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_what_  n _Ringgold_Ԁ_has_Ԁ_averred_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_prepared_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_prove_,_the_Ԁ_record_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_fourth_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_factor_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_inadequate_  V _to_Ԁ_permit_Ԁ_summary_Ԁ_judgment_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_defendants_.XXXX@XXXX);Dr._Seuss_Ԁ_Enter_.,_L.P._Ԁv._Penguin_Ԁ_Books_  <  _USA_,_Inc_.,109_F_._3d_Ԁ1394,1403(9th_Cir_.1997))(_parties_ԀXXXX_AXXXXmust_Ԁ_bring_Ԁ_forward_Ԁ_favorable_Ԁ_evidence_  $   _about_Ԁ_relevant_Ԁ_markets_.XXXX@XXXX).7o|XX            g -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|  31    XXXX_AXXXXSince_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_affirmative_Ԁ_defense_,_its_Ԁ_proponent_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_have_Ԁ_difficulty_Ԁ_carrying_  _the_Ԁ_burden_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_demonstrating_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_without_Ԁ_favorable_Ԁ_evidence_Ԁ_about_Ԁ_relevant_Ԁ_markets_.XXXX@XXXXԀ  _Campbell_,510_U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ590,114S.Ct._at_Ԁ1177._At_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_injunction_Ԁ_stage_,_the_Ԁ_burden_Ԁ_remains_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_  _party_Ԁ_seeking_Ԁ_restraint_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_demonstrate_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_likelihood_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_success_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_merits_._Thus_,_in_Ԁ_a_ f _copyright_Ԁ_infringement_Ԁ_case_,_the_Ԁ_copyright_Ԁ_owner_Ԁ_must_Ԁ_demonstrate_Ԁ(_after_Ԁ_establishing_Ԁ_copyright_ L _ownership_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_taking_Ԁ_of__original__elements_),_where_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_prima_Ԁ_facie__fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_defense_Ԁ_is_ 2  _presented_,_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_factors_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_insufficient_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_support_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_defense_._As_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_practical_  h _matter_,_the_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_proponent_Ԁ_will_Ԁ_anticipate_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_burden_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_merits_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_counter_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_evidence_  N _to_Ԁ_support_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_claim_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_._That_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_often_Ԁ_why_Ԁ_district_Ԁ_courts_Ԁ_invoke_Ԁ_Fed_.R._Civ_.P.65(_a_)(2)  4 _to_Ԁ_consolidate_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_trials_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_action_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_merits_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_hearing_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_application_Ԁ_for_    _preliminary_Ԁ_injunction_._The_Ԁ_record_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_case_Ԁ_reflects_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_consolidation_Ԁ_was_Ԁ_not_   _accomplished_.     XӀD | |XX  -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB  X  XX|  32    _It_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_worth_Ԁ_noting_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_several_Ԁ_months_Ԁ_since_Ԁ_we_Ԁ_lifted_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_injunction_Ԁ_against_  _publication_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_TWDG__there_Ԁ_have_Ԁ_been_Ԁ_sales_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_both_Ԁ_GWTW__and_Ԁ_TWDG__which_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_assist_Ԁ_the_  _district_Ԁ_court_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_evaluating_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_economic_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_factor_._The_Ԁ_Court_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_Campbell__did_ | _acknowledge_Ԁ_that_ԀXXXX_AXXXX[e]ven_Ԁ_favorable_Ԁ_evidence_,_without_Ԁ_more_,_is_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_guarantee_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_fairness_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_and_ b _that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_factor_,XXXX_AXXXXno_Ԁ_less_Ԁ_than_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_other_Ԁ_three_,_may_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_addressed_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_through_Ԁ_a_ J XXXX>XXXX_sensitive_Ԁ_balancing_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_interests_XXXX=@XXXXԀ510_U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ590,n.21,114S.Ct._at_Ԁ1177,n.21(_quoting_Ԁ_Sony_ 2  4 _Corp_.,464._U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ455,n.40,104S.Ct.795,n.40)._That_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_market_Ԁ_harm_Ԁ_factor_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_not_ o _always_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_purely_Ԁ_factual_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_evidentiary_Ԁ_matter_,_however_,_does_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_mean_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_purely_Ԁ_legal_ U _matter_._It_Ԁ_is_,_like_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_generally_,_a_Ԁ_mixed_Ԁ_question_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_law_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_fact_.;|XX                                          *)..      |XX||  _DM|B.` hp x (#XB|DM  XX|  |XXQuickMark           8 -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|1  _Ernest_Ԁ_Hemingway_Ԁ_did_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_share_Ԁ_Huxley_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_enthusiasm_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_form_:XXXX_AXXXXThe_Ԁ_parody_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_the_  _last_Ԁ_refuge_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_frustrated_Ԁ_writer_._Parodies_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_what_Ԁ_you_Ԁ_write_Ԁ_when_Ԁ_you_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_associate_Ԁ_editor_Ԁ_of_  _the_Ԁ_Harvard_Ԁ_Lampoon_._The_Ԁ_greater_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_literature_,_the_Ԁ_easier_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_parody_._The_Ԁ_step_Ԁ_up_ ~ _from_Ԁ_writing_Ԁ_parodies_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_writing_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_wall_Ԁ_above_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_urinal_.XXXX@XXXXԀ_Paul_Ԁ_Hirshson_,XXXX_AXXXXNames_Ԁ_and_ d _Faces_,XXXX@XXXXԀ_The_Ԁ_Boston_Ԁ_Globe_,July22,1989_at_Ԁ7._Whatever_Ԁ_parody_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_aesthetic_Ԁ_value_,_copyright_Ԁ_law_ L _has_Ԁ_tended_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_agree_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_Huxley_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_social_Ԁ_utility_.DMXX|DM             *)..      |XX||  DM|B.` hp x (#XB|DM  XX|  |XX           ##d#  -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|2  _I_Ԁ_need_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_expand_Ԁ_upon_Ԁ_Judge_Ԁ_Birch_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_excellent_Ԁ_explanation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_specific_Ԁ_ways_Ԁ_in_  _which_Ԁ_The_Ԁ_Wind_Ԁ_Done_Ԁ_Gone__criticizes_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_comments_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_aspects_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_characters_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Gone_Ԁ_With_Ԁ_the_  _Wind_.DMXX|DM           * -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|3  ݀_It_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_hazardous_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_speculate_Ԁ_too_Ԁ_much_Ԁ_about_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_legality_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_various_Ԁ_hypothetical_Ԁ_parodies_,  _given_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_many_Ԁ_forms_Ԁ_literary_Ԁ_parody_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_take_,_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_levels_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_sophistication_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_may_Ԁ_reach_.  _See__Margaret_ԀA._Rose_,_Parody_:_Ancient_,_Modern_,_and_Ԁ_Post_Ԅ_Modern_3638(1993)(_describing_Ԁ_an_ | _array_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_parodic_Ԁ_literary_Ԁ_techniques_Ԁ_and_ԀXXXX_AXXXXsignals_XXXX@XXXX)._The_Ԁ_irony_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_self_Ԅ_awareness_Ԁ_common_Ԁ_in_ b _contemporary_Ԁ_literature_,_in_Ԁ_particular_,_may_Ԁ_one_Ԁ_day_Ԁ_pose_Ԁ_difficulties_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_doctrine_._It_ J _is_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_hard_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_imagine_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_copyrighted_Ԁ_story_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_parodies_Ԁ_itself_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_design_,_or_Ԁ_an_Ԁ_author_Ԁ_who_Ԁ_makes_ 0  _a_Ԁ_career_Ԁ_out_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_parodying_Ԁ_his_Ԁ_own_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_each_Ԁ_subsequent_Ԁ_one_.(_Vladimir_Ԁ_Nabokov_,_among_  f _others_,_hinted_Ԁ_at_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_potential_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_practices_._See_,_e.g._,_Vladimir_Ԁ_Nabokov_,_Pale_Ԁ_Fire_(1962)  L (_a_Ԁ_novel_Ԁ_consisting_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_poem_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_substantial_Ԁ_prose_Ԁ_commentary_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_poem_).)_Suppose_Ԁ_that_  2 _this_Ԁ_hypothetical_Ԁ_author_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_turn_Ԁ_becomes_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_target_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_parody_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_another_._Could_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_second_    _author_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_work_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_said_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_usurp_Ԁ_demand_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_original_Ԁ_author_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_self_Ԅ_parody_?_Here_,_we_Ԁ_face_Ԁ_a_    _much_Ԁ_simpler_Ԁ_problem_:_Gone_Ԁ_With_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Wind__lacks_Ԁ_any_Ԁ_apparent_Ԁ_self_Ԅ_directed_Ԁ_irony_,_and_   _Randall_XXXX=XXXX_s_Ԁ_attack_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_just_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_straight_Ԅ_forward_.DMXX|DM                                                              -!..      |XX||  _B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|4   XXhX_The_Ԁ_fourth_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_Ԁ_factor_ԀXXX X_A XXXXrequires_Ԁ_courts_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_consider_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_extent_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_market_  _harm_Ԁ_caused_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_particular_Ԁ_actions_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_alleged_Ԁ_infringer_,_but_Ԁ_also_ԀXXX X> XXXX_whether_Ԁ_unrestricted_Ԁ_and_  _widespread_Ԁ_conduct_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_sort_Ԁ_engaged_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_defendant_Ԁ..._would_Ԁ_result_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_substantially_  _adverse_Ԁ_impact_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_potential_Ԁ_market_XXX X= XXXXԀ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_original_.XXX X@ XXXXԀ_Campbell_,510_U.S._Ԁ_at_Ԁ590(_citation_  _omitted_)._Here_,XXX X_A XXXXconduct_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_sort_Ԁ_engaged_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_defendant_XXX X@ XXXXԀ_would_Ԁ_include_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_those_ p _parodies_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_make_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_similar_Ԁ_frontal_Ԁ_attack_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_Gone_Ԁ_With_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Wind__and_Ԁ_that_,_like_Ԁ_Randall_XXX X= XXXX_s_ `  u _book_,_radically_Ԁ_transform_Ԁ_elements_Ԁ_borrowed_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_original_. o  ` X X X|   -!..      |XX||  B.` hp x (#XB X  XX|5   XXhXAsJaneCheliusattested:XXX XA XXXXItiseasiertoimagineabuyerofTheWindDoneGone  wantingtoreadGoneWiththeWindtofindareferencepoint,thanitistoimagineareader  wholovedGoneWiththeWindwantingtoreadabooksuchasTheWindDoneGonethat  parodiesandputsitinacriticallight.XXX X@ XXXX    X X X|            H -!..      |XX||  _  X?+p ` hp x X? X  XE.` hp x (#pX E  XX|6g   XXhX_In_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_piece_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_documentary_Ԁ_evidence_Ԁ_submitted_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_SunTrust_Ԁ(_Thomas_Ԁ_Hal_Ԁ_Clarke_,  _attorney_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_member_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_committee_Ԁ_established_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_trust_Ԁ_instruments_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_direct_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_plaintiff_  _SunTrust_Ԁ_Bank_),_Conroy_Ԁ_again_Ԁ_indicates_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Mitchell_Ԁ_Estate_Ԁ_was_Ԁ_loath_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_license_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_derivative_  _work_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_contained_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_elements_:   X  XE.pp x(0 X(#E X_All_Ԁ_my_Ԁ_resistance_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_your_Ԁ_restrictions_ԀXXX X_C_ XXXXԀ_all_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_them_,_and_Ԁ_I_Ԁ_include_ `  _miscegenation_,_homosexuality_,_the_Ԁ_rights_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_review_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_approval_ԀXXX X_C_ XXXXԀ_I_Ԁ_do_ P   _because_Ԁ_they_Ԁ_begin_Ԁ_inching_Ԁ_toward_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_precincts_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_censorship_. o  X  XE.` hp x (#pX E_Fax_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_Owen_Ԁ_Laster_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_Pat_Ԁ_Conroy_,Nov.10,1998. O  X X| P+Cases-2 `CG Times2 `CG Times                      e   SearchTerm $Verdana(2GQ$ -!..      |XX||  X|  0  )Hairline d'Single1  d#|x(r-$..      TXXTTLexmark Optra E312,,,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularXlgO+ BU -!..      |XX||  _       (#XDM|B(#[PUBLISH] 7 ?.` hp x (#(#?3p x (#X(#3Qm m INTHEUNITEDSTATESCOURTOFAPPEALS [ $ H.` hp x (#X(#H3p x (#X(#3Q FORTHEELEVENTHCIRCUIT s < H.` hp x (#X(#H3p x (#X(#3Q#_______________  T H.` hp x (#X(#H3p x (#X(#3Qcc$No.0112200 l  Q#_______________ p      x  x  H.` hp x (#X(#H3p x (#X(#3Q D.C.DocketNo.0100701CVCAP1   Q*H.` hp x (#X(#HSUNTRUSTBANK,asTrusteeofthe  StephenMitchelltrustsf.b.o.Eugene  MuseMitchellandJosephReynoldsMitchell, p      x     hPlaintiffAppellee,   h Xversus 3  XHOUGHTONMIFFLINCOMPANY, W   hDefendantAppellant. o!8  h3p x (#X(#3Q  ______________________________ #P H.` hp x (#X(#H3p x (#X(#3Q AppealfromtheUnitedStatesDistrictCourt %h Qh h fortheNorthernDistrictofGeorgia &t  Q  ______________________________ '!  QQQ! (October10,2001)  ("! H.` hp x (#X(#HBeforeBIRCH,MARCUSandWOOD*,CircuitJudges. *$# _____________ +%$ XXDM* XXhXHonorableHarlingtonWood,Jr.,U.S.CircuitJudgefortheSeventhCircuit,sittingby ,&% designation.  X XDM   -'& BIRCH,CircuitJudge: 7  XInthisopinion,wedecidewhetherpublicationofTheWindDoneGone O (q DMADM qTWDGq DM@DM q),afictionalworkadmittedlybasedonMargaretMitchellq DM=DM qsGoneWith g 0 theWind(q DMADM qGWTWq DM@DM q),shouldbeenjoinedfrompublicationbasedonalleged  N copyrightviolations.Thedistrictcourtgrantedapreliminaryinjunctionagainst l publicationofTWDGbecauseitfoundthatPlaintiffAppelleeSunTrustBank   (q DMADM qSunTrustq DM@DM q)metthefourparttestgoverningpreliminaryinjunctions.We   VACATEtheinjunctionandREMANDforconsiderationoftheremainingclaims.   X  I.BACKGROUND      A.  ProceduralHistory !  l<`  X  DMSunTrustisthetrusteeoftheMitchellTrust,whichholdsthecopyrightin 9 GWTW.DM  ԀSinceitspublicationin1936,GWTWhasbecomeoneofthebestselling g0 booksintheworld,secondinsalesonlytotheBible.TheMitchellTrusthas ^ activelymanagedthecopyright,authorizingderivativeworksandavarietyof !v commercialitems.Ithasenteredintoacontractauthorizing,underspecified # conditions,asecondsequeltoGWTWtobepublishedbySt.Martinq DM=DM qsPress.The % MitchellTrustmaintainsthecopyrightinallofthederivativeworksaswell.See '!  17U.S.C.q DM'DM qԀ103.     1       _ *#" 5+5     8DMd d8     _Alice_Ԁ_Randall_,_the_Ԁ_author_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_TWDG_,_persuasively_Ԁ_claims_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_her_Ԁ_novel_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_a_ o _critique_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_GWTW_q DM=DM q_s_Ԁ_depiction_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_slavery_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Civil_Ԅ_War_Ԁ_era_Ԁ_American_Ԁ_South_.  _To_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_end_,_she_Ԁ_appropriated_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_characters_,_plot_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_major_Ԁ_scenes_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_GWTW_  6 _into_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_first_Ԁ_half_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_TWDG_._According_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_SunTrust_,_TWDG_q DM_A_DM q(1)_explicitly_Ԁ_refers_  N _to_Ԁ[_GWTW_]_in_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_foreword_;(2)_copies_Ԁ_core_Ԁ_characters_,_character_Ԁ_traits_,_and_  l _relationships_Ԁ_from_Ԁ[_GWTW_];(3)_copies_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_summarizes_Ԁ_famous_Ԁ_scenes_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_other_   _elements_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_plot_Ԁ_from_Ԁ[_GWTW_];_and_Ԁ(4)_copies_Ԁ_verbatim_Ԁ_dialogues_Ԁ_and_    _descriptions_Ԁ_from_Ԁ[_GWTW_].q DM@DM qԀ_SunTrust_Ԁ_Bank_Ԁv._Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_Ԁ_Co_.,136F. # Supp._2d_Ԁ1357,1364(_N.D.Ga_.2001),_vacated_,252_F_._3d_Ԁ1165(11th_Cir_.2001). A _Defendant_Ԅ_Appellant_Ԁ_Houghton_Ԁ_Mifflin_,_the_Ԁ_publisher_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_TWDG_,_does_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_contest_ Y _the_Ԁ_first_Ԁ_three_Ԁ_allegations_,  _   2     _S*  _but_Ԁ_nonetheless_Ԁ_argues_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_there_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_no_Ԁ_substantial_ q _similarity_Ԁ_between_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_two_Ԁ_works_Ԁ_or_,_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_alternative_,_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_doctrine_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_fair_Ԁ_use_  _protects_Ԁ_TWDG__because_Ԁ_it_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_primarily_